Describe the employment of women in Britain in 1914 at the outbreak of war

As war broke out in 1914 about 1/3 of women were in some type of paid employment. The majority of this was domestic service or secretarial work and most people accepted, there was no place for women in manual labour e. g. dock-labouring, mining or road -digging. A woman's role was very much as the homemaker. They were regarded as the weaker sex and the sex that had fewer rights than men. Decent women were expected to stay at home and rear the children of the family. They had to obey their husbands. Britain's leisure class was kept in comfort by an army of domestic servants. A large landowner with a wife, two children and a 62-roomed house n the West End required an indoor staff of 36. Some of the servants accompanied the family to its other homes – the country house, the seaside villa, the ‘shooting box' in Scotland – each of which also had its own separate staff, containing many women. The working day could be a gruelling 17 hours long. The most important female servant of the household was the housekeeper, known by the title of ‘Mrs', she commanded a platoon of female domestics like lady's maid, housemaids, kitchen maids and the scullion who washed the dishes. Upper class women were not expected to work. They therefore were involved in charity work and voluntary work also they were heavily involved with the suffragettes. Many working class women worked all day at jobs in their own homes, however some working class women worked in factories, to supplement the men's income, which often wasn't enough. Workrooms were often crowded, dirty, ill lit, ill ventilated and insufficiently heated. The hours permissible under the Factory Acts in 1901 were long. Women and girls over 14 years could be employed 12 hours a day and on Saturday 8 hours. In addition, in certain industries, and dressmaking was one, an additional 2 hours could be worked by women on 30 nights in any 12 months. At the outbreak of war women earned about 65 per cent of the male wage. The employment of little errand girls, usually only 14 years of age was common. Their work was very varied – running errands, matching materials, and taking out parcels, cleaning the workrooms, and often also helping in the work of the house. To be running around doing ‘odd jobs' for the employees of a busy workshop was hard work and tiring. It was not surprising that the young women in those workshops often looked weary and overdone; but there were plenty of girls to take their place, so they would not give in. Many others were employed to work on the surface of coal mines or on fish docks at hard, tiring, physical labour. A sexist outlook upon women in the workplace operated throughout this period. It resulted in skill definitions and pay differentials. Women's work was usually considered unskilled, where as a man doing the same job would be considered skilled. For example welding was perceived as a skilled job when men did it but when women became welders during the First World War it was seen as unskilled, with women being paid half the male rate. Middle class women attempted to get into professions as doctors, lawyers, accountants and bankers but found it incredibly difficult. The opinion of men was that they were not intelligent enough and too weak emotionally therefore unable to cope with the work. They did find employment easier to find as teachers, as this was dealing with children and they were able to find employment in the white-collar industries as clerks, telephonists and secretaries. However female clerks would earn less than one third of the male wage, and a female typist would earn i1 a week compared to i3 a week earned by a man. Women from the upper and middle classes came to have more opportunities in the late nineteenth century. This was particularly so in education. Higher education was open to women, although they were restricted in taking degrees in either Oxford or Cambridge. Most women lacked such opportunities. Women mainly moved into the low-skill, low-pay ‘sweat shop' sector as they were denied access to the new technologies. Female factory workers were generally worse treated than men in pay, training and opportunities, and the trade unions mainly male organisations co-operated with the management or the definition of skills, which affected pay, were controlled by men and favoured them; skilled women were poorly recognised. Women were also paid piece rates and found their wage lowered if they earned too much. One factory inspector remarked that ‘What can one do when a girl is earning as much as 15 shillings a week but lower the piece rate? ‘ In a survey just before the war the social commentator and reformer, S. Rowntree, had argued that i1 a week was necessary in order to live above poverty but few women received this amount. In J. M Barrie's comedy What Ever Woman Knows (1908), John Shand, the railwayman turned MP, owes his success as a debater to his wife Maggie, who has transformed his boring speeches when she typed them up. Women had achieved some degree of marital equality and been given some educational opportunities by 1914. They had also begun to make some inroads into traditional male occupations and they had focused political action on winning the vote.

Hugo Cabret Movie vs. Book

In The Invention of Hugo Cabret vs. Hugo, the element of character relationships in the book and the movie are developed very differently. One example of this would be the addition of completely new characters in the movie that were not in the book at all. The director, Martin Scorsese, creates new characters, which add and build upon the relationships and add side stories to the plot line. Instead of cutting some of the plot as adaptations usually do, the film actually added additional story lines (Lee).He adds the characters in the train station with the dachshunds that create a romantic vignette in the movie that was not in the book. The director also creates the girl at the flower shop that ends up in a romantic relationship with the Station Inspector. In addition, the relationship between the Station Inspector and Hugo differed as the Inspector is much more present in the movie than in the book. There are more scenes depicting the Station Inspector chasing Hugo in the movie for dramatic effect. Scorsese also adds drama by including the Station Inspector's menacing dog in the chase scenes.Specific to the movie, the Inspector has a metal prosthetic leg, which provides a vulnerability that he seems to be overcompensating for with his intimidating exterior. The character differences between the book and the movie could be due to the desire of the director wanting to add his own insight and personal elements to the story rather than using Brian Selznick's literal interpretation. Since the media forms of literature and film have different interpretive elements they must be presented differently.For instance, in the movie Scorsese adds more dramatic effects by providing additional character relationships and plotlines. Also, since the movie is targeted towards all audiences, he includes the element of romance with his character relationships in order to appeal to the adult audience. Another character relationship to be noted would be the relationship between Hugo and the automaton. Even though it is an inanimate object, Hugo clearly forms a relationship with this machine as it is the only part of his father he has left.Hugo is very determined to repair the automaton as he believes his father may have left him a message through it, which gives him hope and the desire to fix it. Hugo takes great care of the automaton and in the film he carries it like a baby because he cares for it so much. Since his father’s death, Hugo has been left with no family therefore the automaton almost becomes his family as it meant so much to his father. Both appealing in their own forms of media, the book The Invention of Hugo Cabret and the movie Hugo have several contrasting elements, which provide unique depictions of the same story.

American Films and Backhoe Operators

To select the one who would get the job, the company asked each of them to go out and actually work on the backhoe for a day. Jim felt his chance for the job disappear because he had never even driven a tractor, let alone used a backhoe. When he went out, he did not know how to start the tractor. One of the other backhoe operators had to show him. He managed through the day, and to his surprise, did better than the others. He was given the job. On his first day at the new job, one of the other backhoe operators showed him where to check the hydraulic fluid and said, â€Å"These old Masseys are foolproof. You will be okay. † Jim taught himself how to dig a hole by trial and error. He initially believed that the best way was to fill the bucket as much as possible before lifting it out of the hole and emptying it. He would wiggle the bucket back and forth until it was submerged and then curl it. When it came out of the hole, the earth would be falling off the sides. This job was not so difficult after all, he thought. He cut through his first water line about two weeks after starting his new job. Going into a deep, muddy hole did not make the crew happy. After Jim cut through his third water line, the crew chief pulled him aside and said, â€Å"You are taking too much earth out with each bucket, so you don’t feel the bucket hitting the water line; ease up a bit. Water lines were usually six to eight feet down, so Jim would dig until about four feet and then try to be more careful. It was then that he pulled up some telephone lines that were only about three feet deep. Realizing that more was involved in operating a backhoe than he first had thought, he sought out Bill Granger, who was known to have broken a water line only twice in his 15 years. It was said that he was so good that he could dig underneath the gas lines—a claim that Jim doubted. Bill said, â€Å"You need to be able to feel any restriction. The way to do that is to have more than one of your levers open at the same time. Operating the bucket lever and the boom lever at the same time reduces the power and causes the machine to stop rather than cut through a line of any type. † Jim began to use this method but still broke water lines. The difference now was that he knew immediately when he broke a line. He could feel the extra pull, whereas in the past, he found out either by seeing water gushing up or by hearing the crew chief swearing at him. He was getting better. Jim never did become as good as Bill Granger. In fact, two years later, he applied for another job as gas repairperson and was promoted, but the training as a gas repairperson was not much better. Case Questions 1. What are the potential costs to this lack of training? Why do you think the company operated in this manner? 2. What type of training would you recommend: OJT, classroom, or a combination? Describe what the training might entail. 3. What type of training environment would you provide? 4. Who would you get to do the training, and why? 5. Would you consider purchasing a training program for backhoe operators? Provide your rationale. American Films and Backhoe Operators To select the one who would get the job, the company asked each of them to go out and actually work on the backhoe for a day. Jim felt his chance for the job disappear because he had never even driven a tractor, let alone used a backhoe. When he went out, he did not know how to start the tractor. One of the other backhoe operators had to show him. He managed through the day, and to his surprise, did better than the others. He was given the job. On his first day at the new job, one of the other backhoe operators showed him where to check the hydraulic fluid and said, â€Å"These old Masseys are foolproof. You will be okay. † Jim taught himself how to dig a hole by trial and error. He initially believed that the best way was to fill the bucket as much as possible before lifting it out of the hole and emptying it. He would wiggle the bucket back and forth until it was submerged and then curl it. When it came out of the hole, the earth would be falling off the sides. This job was not so difficult after all, he thought. He cut through his first water line about two weeks after starting his new job. Going into a deep, muddy hole did not make the crew happy. After Jim cut through his third water line, the crew chief pulled him aside and said, â€Å"You are taking too much earth out with each bucket, so you don’t feel the bucket hitting the water line; ease up a bit. Water lines were usually six to eight feet down, so Jim would dig until about four feet and then try to be more careful. It was then that he pulled up some telephone lines that were only about three feet deep. Realizing that more was involved in operating a backhoe than he first had thought, he sought out Bill Granger, who was known to have broken a water line only twice in his 15 years. It was said that he was so good that he could dig underneath the gas lines—a claim that Jim doubted. Bill said, â€Å"You need to be able to feel any restriction. The way to do that is to have more than one of your levers open at the same time. Operating the bucket lever and the boom lever at the same time reduces the power and causes the machine to stop rather than cut through a line of any type. † Jim began to use this method but still broke water lines. The difference now was that he knew immediately when he broke a line. He could feel the extra pull, whereas in the past, he found out either by seeing water gushing up or by hearing the crew chief swearing at him. He was getting better. Jim never did become as good as Bill Granger. In fact, two years later, he applied for another job as gas repairperson and was promoted, but the training as a gas repairperson was not much better. Case Questions 1. What are the potential costs to this lack of training? Why do you think the company operated in this manner? 2. What type of training would you recommend: OJT, classroom, or a combination? Describe what the training might entail. 3. What type of training environment would you provide? 4. Who would you get to do the training, and why? 5. Would you consider purchasing a training program for backhoe operators? Provide your rationale.

Various Ways Government Interacts with the Economy Essay

Various Ways Government Interacts with the Economy - Essay Example To safeguard this, the government has prohibited the following activities: This is an agreement between two or more competitors in form of price fixing and market allocation, and involves an agreement in which one party of a group of bidders will be designated to win the bid. For example government construction contracts being determined by bid. This type of conspiracy is termed to be illegal therefore it is prohibited by the government. This is an agreement between the competitors selling the same product or services to fix, peg, discount or stabilize prices. This pushes the price of the product high hence the businesses make huge profit after exploiting the consumers. In the United States, price fixing is prosecuted under section 1 of the Sherman Act as a criminal felony offence. (APA, 2000) This is lack of compatibility between different systems and is often used in computer industry. This is whereby the different companies create different versions of the same systems that cannot inter-operate therefore forcing the consumer to purchase the spare parts from the same manufacturer only. (Arthur, 1989) This is the practice of making the sale of one good to the de facto or de jure customer conditional on the purchase of a second distinctive good. Selling printers below cost or at a loss and recovering the amount on the sale of cartilages.

Central American Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Central American Migration - Essay Example Due to social and economic pressures, the United States government and some of her people opposed the entry of Central Americans to the United States through various policies. This led to new immigrants fleeing war experiencing economic and other social problems although they contributed immensely to the economy. Central American Migration War, persecution, and violence in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua due to political upheavals spurred the mass migration of their citizens into the United States (Gutierrez 188). The migration occurred in phases with the elites fleeing first followed by professionals and the middle class and lastly, the poor working class. Nicaraguan migrants went to the US in three waves with the first consisting of the overthrown Somoza family and their associates, wealthy business peoples and members of the National guard in 1970s followed by the middle class professionals and business people in the 1980s and lastly, the poor workers and young men escaping recruitment in the contra war (Gutierrez 195). Their flight, unlike the Cubans, was not welcome by the American government who classified them as illegal aliens and used varied ways to try to stop their entry into United States. Even after conditions improved in their home countries, many Central Americans did not return home due to a variety of reasons. The end of hostilities did not improve their security at home. In Nicaragua, former contras and fragments of Sandinista army continued to fight especially in rural areas. In El Salvador and Guatemala death squads and vigilante groups also operated (Gutierrez 196). This coupled with increased crime rates reduced the number of immigrants willing to return home and led to many more Central Americans migrating to United States. Depending on their social economic status, Central Americans used several strategies to survive in the harsh United States. Wealthy immigrants used their economic resources and business connections to buy assets in the United States on which they lived comfortably. Many exiles including the Somoza family transferred their assets to Miami banks in the late 1970s, and they moved into fashionable residences in key Biscayne and Brickell Avenue where they invested heavily on condominiums in the suburban western edge of the city (Portes and Stepick 227). These were later to be sold to Nicaraguan professionals and business people during the second wave of migration. This group experienced tough economic hardships on United States soil, and the majority worked in unskilled trades to earn a daily living due to the uncertain future. The professionals gradually moved into their fields of work and some steadily advanced in a professional capacity because of prior work experience in their country of origin. Professionals used existing friendships with Cuban Americans, developed in school, to get financing to start their own businesses (Portes and Stepick 153). The peasants and Nicaragua workers migrated chiefly due to war and economic hardships brought about by war. Nicaraguan peasants and workers migrated because of the United States sponsored contra war. They became unskilled laborers in the host country. The United States could now access cheap labor easily, a thing that impacted positively on her economic growth. The resolution by the US to pigeonhole Nicaraguan immigrant’s illegal aliens exposed them to very many challenges because they did not receive any benefits

Company Law case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company Law case - Essay Example In addition, a promoter is also expected to disclose any secret profits that he may have made in the process of promoting the company. This is illustrated in the case of Erlanger V New Sombrero Phosphates company limited (1878)2. In this case,Syndicate Erlanger purchased an island that was rich in phosphates at a price of 55,000 pounds; he later promoted a company and sold the sand island to the company he formed at 110,000 pounds which later failed. During the formation of the company, two of the directors were abroad while the rest had been nominated by Erlanger himself. When new directors took over the company, they filed a motion to rescind Erlanger. The court held that no proper disclosure on the sale was made and for this reason the company had a right to rescind the contract. Ricky is the individual who put everything together and saw to Ricky`s footwear becoming a legal company and is therefore the promoter of the company. He sold premises and stock and assets from his former business and made huge profits from the sales. The fiduciary duties that he owes the company would dictate that he discloses these profits. He however did not disclose them to either the members of an independent board or to all the new owners of the company as per the prospectus as was expected of him. For this reason, Ricky`s footwear limited has a legal claim against its promoter for making secret profits which is a breach of his obligations and it is therefore advisable that they pursue the matter in the relevant court of law. However, the company would not have had a case against Ricky had he disclosed the profits. In the event that Ricky`s footwear limited decides to file a motion against Ricky there are certain possible remedies that are available to the company at law should the court rule in their favor. These are: Under this remedy, the contract in question is reverted and relevant efforts are made

LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTL BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

LEGAL ASPECTS OF INTL BUSINESS - Essay Example The South Korean resort of Pyeongchang was the favorite to host Games but Putin made it his personal mission to get the bid, travelled to Guatemala City in 2007 and make Russia final pitch and sweet talked members of International Olympic Committee into voting in the favor of Sochi. IOC member Jean-Claude Killy said it was very important to have the presence of Putin and he spoke French that he never speaks. The cost has presently risen (Bloomberg Business Week). Sochi price tag is some sort of embarrassment. The Sochi game is quite relevant in the study of games and sport in class. It is quite agreeable that the cost is high because it is being set in an expensive defying climate. The Krasnaya Polyana is filled with snow every February and the lower slopes have average wintertime temperature of fifty-two degrees. The officials have to drain swamps, store the previous year’s snow and install over four hundred snowmaking machines. Seventy thousand laborers working seven days a week for as little as U.S Dollar five hundred a month to build over twenty thousand new hotel rooms, new roads tunnels and bridges, renovated airport and new railway lines. A more sinister reason for the rise of the budget is the Beijing extravagant expenditure in the 2008 Summer Olympic. In addition, Sochi Olympics are unprecedented thieves. The contractors who are Putin cronies had a phony cost of over twenty six billion. The estimated cost of the road and railway to be constructed was estimated a cost of $ 8.7 billion. Terrorism is also an issue of concern. Doku Umarov a Chechen rebel leader has urged the Islamist fighters in the surrounding area of North Caucasus to cause much bloodshed on the games as possible (Bloomberg Business Week). The Olympics states that Umarov is held on the bones of their ancestors and many dead Muslims are buried on the territory land of the black sea. To prove that the threat was not ideal,

Henry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Henry - Essay Example On approaching, he sees that the new owner of the hotel, which has been occupied up since World War II, is carrying boxes from the basement that contain personal items-clothing, photos, diaries and wedding memorabilia that belonged to Japanese families who had earlier been evacuated to internment camps during the war. Henry is taken back to his childhood by these small items, with a strong pull of memories though he tries as much as he can to resist it (Ford 308). This opening scene shows us to Henry present life, which gives the framework for the story in this Jamie Ford’s debut novel. This frame story suddenly leads the reader to the story line in 1942at Rainier Elementary school. Henry was just twelve years old and is under a scholarship. In this school, he is the only Chinese the rest are all whites. Henry’s father who is a Chinese and immensely proud of sending his son to a white school, do not at any time expect or allow anybody to be mistaken on Henry’s nationality. In the national consciousness, the events of Pearl Harbor are still fresh and Henry’s father is passionately against the Japanese and so he always sends Henry to school with a shirt with a button declaring ‘I am a Chinese’. This is the first moment of many depicts Henry’s already difficult relationship with his father (Ford 112). The tension between Henry’s American perspective and his father’s traditionalism Chi nese values is one of the major themes in the novel. He is struggling to live with his father. His life as a Chinese in an all-white school seems to be smooth, but the button provokes teasing by several of his class bullies, and his work-study job serving lunch becomes part of the day he dreaded the most. He arrives in the kitchen one day and finds a young Japanese lady, Keiko Okabe, also assigned for same shift. Being the only Japanese student in the school also, Keiko

Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Holocaust - Essay Example While the findings of eugenic scientists were flawed, the science itself followed all the rules of the scientific method. Eugenics was considered as the cutting edge of science. Unfortunately, the scientists failed to recognize how their own prejudices were harming the results of their experiments. Most scientists, philosophers and even common man believed in the inequality of man. It was believed that certain people were "unworthy of life". The person's worth was based not just on his "worth to himself but also on his worth to the society". The handicapped and the mentally When Hitler cam to power in 1933, he had a dream of building a utopian German society. Obviously, such a utopian society could not include the handicapped and the "feeble-minded people". Hitler and the Nazis were even more radical than the eugenic scientists, in that they did not just stop at the handicapped and the feeble-minded but believed that the Gypsies and the Jews also polluted the society. Soon the scientists and the politicians were synchronized as those who opposed were fired. Hitler systematically implemented a policy of exclusion to exclude the handicapped, the Gypsies and the Jews. At first a series of legislations and laws were passed by the Nazi government to marginalize this people in the society. The Blood Protection law was passed to exclude the Gypsies and the Jews. Next a campaign was carried out to sterilize the handicapped and the feeble-minded. The first step towards the final solution began with Euthanasia or mercy killing of handicapped children. It seems that the first Euthanasia was carried out at the behest of an infant's father, who had been born with severe handicap. This first euthanasia opened the flood gates of further killings. Soon it moved from killing children to the adults. By 1939 the sterilizations had ended and the killings had started. Friedlander carefully documents the work carried out by the physicians in the T4 Operation, which proved that the killings were sponsored by the Reich. When it became difficult to kill using the Narcotics, the Nazi Germany invented the "gas chambers". In 1941, owing to public outcry, Hitler was forced to end adult euthanasia. However, his orders did not actually end the killings. In hospitals, doctors continued to carry out "racial hygiene". And when the German Army crossed the borders of Poland, the T4 physicians were called to "process" the people at the concentration camps. Friedlander has done some careful research and shows how holocaust was not just about the Jews but also included the Gypsies and the handicapped. He successfully shows that it was not anti-Semitism or personal hatred by the underlying principle of eugenics which led to the holocaust. Friedlander has resorted to a number of tables to show how

Anything in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anything in business - Essay Example The tablet will be access beyond the Wife only. It will be able to catch Web access via simple linking it to the Blackberry. But the tablet will also function as a standalone advice. RIM’S COEE claims that the ultimate aim of this tablet is to provide a full on computer and web experience on the tablet. This means that the dependency of tablet would be very little on third party applications. On its end, the Playbook is a step taken by RIM to protect its position as the top notch provider of mobile gadgets for the business set. It will also have flash applications. On the other hand, Apple CEO Steve Jobs has voiced his restraint in allowing Flash on company’s mobile gadgets claiming that the software has too many bugs and rips apart too much battery life. RIM’s close relationship with its various corporate clients can help the company extract a certain portion of the tablet market which is originally Apple’s niche. If it moves strategically, then it can take away that portion of the market share. IDC predicts that the corporate market for tablet computer will keep growing with the growth of sales of these tablets in the next few years. It is forecasted that roughly 11 percent of the overall sales of the tablet PCs will be directed to schools till 2014. Playbook and Ipad will be at loggerheads with each other. It remains to be seen who beats whom. While Playbook will not just be work oriented, it will have video games, it looks like Ipad will take the edge in styling. And the market is not just restricted to RIM’s tablet. When Ipad came, it brought with itself, a wave of competitors, so naturally Ipad is not the only competitor out there. Even Dell is headed in this direction. It came up with its own tablet computer called Streak in August. Similarly Samsung is all set to launch Galaxy tab next month and already has four carriers in its kitty booked. The battle is on and it is only going to get

Sound and Purely Physiological Activity Essay Example for Free

Sound and Purely Physiological Activity Essay How do hearing and listening differ? Hearing differs from listening in that hearing is a purely physiological activity, while listening also involves the psychological processing of sounds. †¢ When we hear what is being said, those words are transferred from our ears to our brain and then we often nod in agreement or disagreement or do nothing at all. Hearing is passive, only involves our ears and involves little to no passion. We simply take in what has been said and then go on from there. In addition, hearing is often emotionless, involuntary and shows little feeling for another. Basically, hearing is the way we understand the meaning of sound, the vibrations that come from it. Hearing is also having the ability to perceive and interpret sound. It is a special kind of sensation that delivers to us, what is being said, no matter where or who is giving off the sound. To clarify, hearing is a bodily element of listening and happens when sounds waves approach our ears at a certain loudness and frequency. †¢ Listening is the absorption of the meanings of words and sentences by the brain. Listening leads to the understanding of facts and ideas. But listening takes attention, or sticking to the task at hand in spite of distractions. It requires concentration, which is the focusing of your thoughts upon one particular problem. A person who incorporates listening with concentration is actively listening. # 3/ What are three major elements that complicate listening? Give customer service related examples of each. The three elements that complicate listening: †¢ the internal elements within the listener’s mind, †¢ environmental elements surrounding the communication, †¢ interactional elements that arise especially from listener self-centeredness and self-protection.

Ulysses meaning Odysseus Essay Example for Free

Ulysses meaning Odysseus Essay â€Å"Ulysses† is a dramatic monologue written by one of the most famous poet Alfred Lord Tennyson in 1883. â€Å"Ulysses† meaning Odysseus in Greek mythology was the king of Ithaca. Odysseus was the leader of the Greek army. His wife was Penelope and his son was Telemechus. Ulysses is characterized as not only very intelligent, heroic and eloquent but also very arrogant. Odysseus and his men sailed into Troy to fight what turned out to be a lengthy battle. Later, Odysseus and the Greek army conquered Troy and set out on their voyage home. On their journey they encountered a series of adventures. Odysseus shares some grievances including dissatisfaction, desire for change, nostalgia and age concern. Tennyson’s characterization of Ulysses with grief, feelings, expressions and misfortunes are reflected in the poem. Odysseus shared beauty and success during his youth. He had an extremely successful past life. He was a handsome man in his prime and endured many exciting adventures. Ulysses describes how he â€Å"drunk delight of battle† (Tennyson 16) with his peers. He talks of â€Å"souls that have toil’d, and wrought, and thought with me† (Tennyson line 46) and the use of rhyme suggests the harmony of his relationship with his peers. This explains that he had endured much suffering and the use of the word ‘thought’ introduces the point that he was a great thinker; he was not only practical with his hands, but also good on his mind. His nostalgia and desire to return to his active past is expressed when he parallels himself to a sword and says, â€Å"how dull it is to pause, to make an end, to rust unburnished, not to shine in use! † (Tennyson lines 22 23) Ulysses is able to dream of one last, glorious adventure within the potential to go out and recapture former self. Ulysses is a poem which explores multiple interactions in which the themes vary on mortality. Motivation and age concern are the part of the poem’s themes as Tennyson explain in the lines â€Å"but every hour is saved from eternal silence† (Tennyson lines 26 27) which portrays the death in eternal silence and he is almost preventing it by making the most of his time. â€Å"For always roaming with a hungry heart† (Tennyson line 12) shows his motivation and also indicates his loss of love as he describes â€Å"match’d with an aged wife† (Kincaid) an ironic image of describing his wife who had been loyal to him during the vast amount of time while he was away on adventure. He also states that the people of his island are a â€Å"savage race† (Kincaid) and says that they â€Å"hoard, and sleep, and feed† (Kincaid). He goes on to say that they â€Å"know not me† (Kincaid) drawing barriers between him and them, as though he is superior. When he says â€Å"I am become a name† (Tennyson 11) shows clear pity as well. The poem is also like a speech given by Odysseus to his sailors, rebelling against his life and conformity, after he reclaimed the throne in Ithaca and explains why he wants to leave Ithaca forever. Ulysses believes that his son ‘Telemechus’ is better for Ithaca than he would be and placed him in charge as the King of Ithaca. Ulysses says â€Å"There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail† (Tennyson line 44) which means he also feels the ocean his boat calling him for one more adventure. He tries to inspire his men by saying â€Å"Come, my friends, T is not too late to seek a newer world† (Tennyson lines 56 57). The poem is ended by Ulysses telling his men â€Å"not to yield† (Tennyson 70) but to rebel and never conform to society. Tennyson is very successful in creating a very powerful image of Ulysses. The poem celebrates the indomitable spirit of a man. Ulysses loves travelling by sea and he is used to a life of adventure and change. The life of a family man with his responsibilities of a king is dull for him. He yearns to recover the glory of the past by returning to Ithaca. He tries to persuade his earlier fellow men to join him in his new adventure. He wants to break free of his monotonous life and return to a life of excitement. At the end Ulysses placed his son in charge as the King of Ithaca and set his sails west to an untold adventure. Works Cited James R, Kincaid. â€Å"Ulysses† Victotianweb. org 28 March 2001. 29 March 2009 http://www. victorianweb. org/authors/tennyson/kincaid/ch3d. html Tennyson, Alfred. â€Å"Ulysses† Readprint. com 29 March 2009 http://www. readprint. com/work-1426/Lord-Alfred-Tennyson

Safety in High-rise Building Construction

Safety in High-rise Building Construction Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background In previous decades since workers balanced themselves at dizzying heights above ground with little to prevent them from falling, high-rise construction has been layered in safety regulations and equipment. Construction can be referred as a relatively hazardous undertaking. There are significantly more injuries and lost workdays due to injuries or illnesses in construction as compared to any other industry. In contrast to most industrial accidents, innocent bystanders also get injured due to construction accidents. Several crane collapses from high rise buildings under construction have resulted in injuries to passersby. Safety during a high-rise construction project is affected in large part by decisions made during the planning and design stage. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to put into practice, whereas other, similar plans may considerably reduce the possibility of dangerous accidents. Beyond these design decisions, safety also depends largely upon education, alertness and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be always alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks. 1.2 Related Problems The causes of injuries in high-rise construction are plentiful. The largest single category for both injuries and fatalities is individual falls. Handling of goods and transportation are also a major cause of injuries. An individual fall may be caused by a series of coincidences: inattentive worker or an insecure railing or slippery footing etc. Removing any one of these causes might serve to stop any particular accident, but again each casualty may have multiple causes. Many measures are available to improve jobsite safety in construction. These include design, choice of safety equipment, education and vigilance. By altering facility designs, particular structures can be safer or more hazardous to construct. Choice of different safety equipments plays an important role in overall safety of project. Educating workers and managers in proper procedures and hazards also has a direct impact on jobsite safety. During the construction process itself, the most important safety related measures are to insure proper vigilance and cooperation on the part of managers, inspectors and workers. Vigilance involves bearing in mind the risks of different working practices. In also involves maintaining temporary physical safeguards. 1.3 Aim To study and evaluate the Safety in High Rise Construction with special focus on safety at construction in Kuwait: issues, problems, procedures, and recommendations 1.4 Objectives To study and understand the various risks involved, and the safety issues related to construction and analysis the previous work done in this field. To evaluate the existing safety procedures, policies, regulations and accident prevention methods with respect to construction industry in Kuwait. Development of questionnaire and conducting survey and interviews with the contractors and the consultants and safety engineers To identify the root of safety problems related to construction in Kuwait and recommend potential safety programs and solutions and estimating the likely effect on project progress and accident reduction Suggesting some recommendations for safety at construction based on the study at Kuwait 1.5 Expected outcomes At the end of project, a reader will be able to understand the various risks involved in high rise construction and the various measures followed to reduce that risk. The practices followed and measures developed to make high-rise construction a safer job will be listed in report. 1.6 Resources used The resources that will be used for this study will include various international papers and books regarding safety in high-rise construction. The papers and books will be generally taken from the university library and some of them will be taken from the internet, while the use of internet resources will be kept to a minimum. 1.7 Gantt Chart Gantt Chart: Project on Safety in High Rise Construction TASKS Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Selection of the Topic Submission of the Project Proposal Literature survey on the Topic Submission of the Interim Report Main Research on the Topic Conclusion and Recommendations Final Report Submission CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Researches Done at International Level In most countries, the building and construction industry has a high rate of occupational accidents. In the EU15, the rate of construction injuries leading to over three days absence from work exceeded 6,000 per 100,000 employees in 2005 (Arbetsmiljà ¶verket, 2008). Although this is approximately three times the rate in the Swedish construction industry, Swedens rate still places building and construction among the top 10 occupational sectors for occupational accidents in the country. Much effort has been made to reduce the rate of industrial accidents, mainly through technical solutions, rules, and regulation. In an interview study of the Australian construction industry, Holmes, Lingard, Yesilyurt, and De Munk (1999) found that risk was largely attributed to the nature of the work, poor individual work practices, ignorance, andwork pressure due to budgetary and time constraints. To successfully approach these sources of risk there is a need to understand not only underlying struct ural and organizational conditions, but also psychological and social factors. Such a broadened and deepened perspective on safety should supplement rather than replace the engineering approach. The concepts of safety culture and safety climate are important contributions from the behavioral and social sciences to our understanding of occupational safety. Denison (1996) stated that the concepts of organizational culture and climate both suggest the existence of a shared, holistic, and collectively defined social context that emerges over time. The two concepts share many features, though organizational culture places greater emphasis on creating the social environment whereas organizational climate corresponds to how this social environment is experienced by the actors and thus is more external (Denison). Zohar (1980) defined organizational climate as a summary of molar perceptions that employees share about their work environments.Neal and Griffin(2006) defined perceived safety cli mate. as individual perceptions of policies, procedures and practices relating to safety in the workplace and suggested that group safety climate refers to perceptions shared within the group. According to organizational climate theory (Schneider, 1975), such shared perceptions will result in normative conclusions as to the correct way to behave in relation to safety in the organization. Climate serves to guide ones own behavior and contributes to the predictability of the behavior of others (Guldenmund, 2000). Pidgeon (1991) suggested that organizational culture represents a shared meaning system (i.e., a system of symbols, ideas, rules, and cognitions, with certain observable behavioral consequences); furthermore, he defined safety culture as the set of beliefs, norms, attitudes, roles, and social and technical practices which are concerned with minimizing the exposure of employees, managers, customers, and members of the public to conditions considered dangerous or injurious. Pid geon stated that such construed meaning systems specifywhat is important and legitimate to the group, and that this culture is created and recreated asmembers of the group repeatedly behave in a way that seems natural and unquestionable to them, thus constructing a particular version of risk and safety. Pidgeon also suggested that it is misleading to consider only organizational or corporate culture, as the cultures of workgroups, departments, divisions, and organizations, as well as cultures at an even broader macro level (e.g., nations) are nested within one another as well as overlapping. Both safety climate and safety culture are socially construed phenomena and the importance of these concepts to occupational safety is generally accepted (e.g., Zohar 1980; Zohar, 2002; Donald Canter, 1994; Pidgeon, 1998; Guldenmund, 2000; Lee Harrison, 2000; Cooper Phillips, 2004; Mearns, Whitaker, Flin, 2003; Neal Griffin, 2006; Clarke, 2006b; Pousette, Larsson, Tà ¶rner, 2008). Gun (1993) investigated contractors safety performances at 98 di.erent con struction sites over 2 years. It was concluded that management training and good management practices are most likely to prevent injuries which are associated with the violation of regulations. Hinze and Raboud (1988) studied safety on large construction projects; the study discussed the relationships between company size, level safety policy, project level safety policy, project coordination, and economic pressure on worker safety. It was found that higher frequencies of construction accidents occurred on projects that were over budget and those that were compete tively bid. According to a Business Round Table report (Construction Industry Institute, 1988), the cost of an effective construction safety and health program in the USA is approximately 2.5% of direct labor costs. Successful safety programs have been developed by many construction companies and have shown remarkable results. Duponts safety training and observation program achieved good results in reducing work-place accidents (Peyton and Rubio, 1991). Bechtel reported that 83% of their projects are meeting the zero goal after applying the `Zero Accident Program; this program reduced lost-time injuries in 1993 to less than half when compared with 1992 (Center to Protect Workers Rights, 1993). Hakkinen (1995), developed a training program called one hour for safety management to provide safety education and training for top management. The program was applied in 100 companies and showed success in attracting managements attention to safety issues. Ringdahl (1990) designed a simple model for cost benefit evaluation of improving safety measures at companies. Jaselskis et al. (1996) presented strategies for improving safety performance on both a company and a project level. 2.2 Safety problems in Construction Construction sites tend to have several employers working on them simultaneously, making safety coordination in such a dynamic environment a very complex process. Temporary duration of work, together with the rapidly changing character of the site are in complete contrast to regular factory production and form a serious hazard to safety. These special features and problems arise from the following: 2.2.1. Competitive tendering Contractors often feel that their bids will be considered even if they do not make proper provisions for safety costs. In the case of hard-pressed local authorities, struggling with government-imposed spending cuts, and smaller  ®rms on the brink of survival in a business recession, this problem is usually more acute and seldom comes to the surface. These problems a.ected Kuwait after the liberation, due to expenditure cuts and a large number of small construction  ®rms. The extent of cost cuts by government and the low number of governmental projects have increased the competitive tendering between companies in the last 5 years. As a result, contractors have been forced to reduce their pro ®ts and costs to stay in the market and allow projects to sell to other companies or subcontractors to secure a pro ®t margin. As shown earlier in the questionnaire distributed to construction  ®rms, most contractors do not consider safety costs in their tenders unless it is recognized by the contract documents. Statistics show that lost-time accident frequency rates, which ranged from 2.5 to 6 per 100,000 man-hours worked on contracts where no provision for safety costs been made in tenders, could be reduced to a range of 0.2 to 1 per 100,000 man-hours worked on projects where proper safety planning and costing had been done and the costs accepted by the client (King and Hudson, 1985). 2.2.2. Lack of safety regulations The absence of a uni ®ed set of safety regulations adversely a.ects the enforcement of safety on the job site. The MPW has a safety chapter in its construction practices manual, KOC has its own manual, and no safety standard manual exists in KM. Projects constructed by American companies are ruled by OSHA and/or the US Army Corps of Engineers safety manual. International standards are not necessarily applicable to the Kuwaiti work environment since methods of practice in advanced and industrial countries di.er from those used in Kuwait. Other national standards have not been updated to comply with the new technology and constructability methods; for example, the prohibition against using wooden sca.olding is not included in such standards. 2.2.3. Small size of most construction  ®rms The open trade and commercial lease given to its citizens by the Kuwaiti government encourages many citizens to establish small businesses, which are especially concentrated in construction. Small construction  ®rms with less than 10 employees account for about 60% of construction  ®rms in Kuwait. This high proportion of small undertakings is a handicap to the spread and adoption of safe working practices. After the liberation, private housing businesses  ¯ourished, attracting many small  ®rms and independent contractors with limited experience in building construction. These  ®rms cannot a.ord the services of safety specialists or instructors, resulting in little opportunity for organized safety instructions either o.- or on-site. Compared to large  ®rms, the small  ®rms are usually short of capital and under great pressure to cut costs at the expense of safety. Construction at this level is a competitive arena, where the saving of a few dinars means the di.erence between success and failure. In addition, most small  ®rms use temporary labor and may not assure continuity of work, so investing money in training and equipment for them is considered an unnecessary cost. Also, it is more di cult for government safety inspectors to inspect the work and practices of a large number of small  ®rms than a smaller number of medium-sized and large ones. 2.2.4. Extensive use of subcontractors The specialization of activities on building sites has been a main factor leading to the extensive employment of subcontractors. Many companies in Kuwait look for safe and fast pro ®t, selling their projects to subcontractors for a certain percentage of the pro ®t. This causes many problems in coordination, safety planning, allocating safety responsibility, and communication. In practice the e.ective control of site-safety practices is di cult to enforce when a number of small subcontractors, especially those with fewer than  ®ve employees, are engaged on one site. The main responsibility is taken by the general contractor, who should insist that all necessary safety measures are written into the subcontractors agreement. Unless proper provision is allowed for the subcontractors to consider safety in their bid, it is doubtful whether they will take safety seriously. 2.2.5. Lack of relevant accident data If you cannot measure safety, then you certainly cannot manage it. The lack of o cial safety data and records of construction accidents at sites makes safety the last issue to be concerned by the contractor and owner. The people on-site and at management level are not aware of safety problems, since they are not informed by the statistics or  ®gs. of serious and fatal accidents that have occurred at sites, and the number of disabilities that resulted from such accidents. 2.2.6. Extensive use of foreign labor Kuwait as a rich developing country attracts many investments and working labor. The employment of migrant labor has always been a special characteristic of construction sites in Kuwait. Different labor cultures and traditions reflect on human relations, different work habits, and communication problems. Most construction workers in Kuwait are unskilled, untrained, and inexperienced, especially after the liberation. They come from poor communities of other countries and are ready to work in any job to establish a reasonable life for their families; many do not see their families for 2 ±3 years in order to save some money for the future. The workers are emotionally vulnerable and preoccupied with their problems since most of them are working in unsecured conditions and not on their sponsors bail. All of these above conditions can a.ect the concentration and attention of the worker and may contribute to mistakes. 2.3 Research methodology for Study in Kuwait Different research activities have been used to collect the necessary information and data related to this research. Among these are  ®eld visits, questionnaires, and interviews. 2.3.1. Contractors questionnaire To understand the problems associated with the implementation of safety pro- grams in construction companies, questionnaires were mailed to technical managers, safety directors, and in some cases chief engineers. Key persons in companies were identi ®ed either by business contacts or by direct phone calls to the companies. Thirty-two questionnaires were mailed to various large, medium, and small-sized construction companies in Kuwait. The questionnaire covered a range of subjects related to safety, namely: (1) companys profile; (2) safety records; (3) accident statistics; (4) training; and (e) safety policy. 2.3.2. Consultants questionnaire Another study was conducted to determine the extent to which designers recognize the need to address the safety of construction workers in project plans, contractors selection criteria, contract clauses concerning safety, and procedures followed at job site supervision. Addresses of key consultants were identified from a bulletin distributed by the Kuwait Engineering Society. 2.3.3. Interviews A number of interviews were conducted with safety engineers, heads of safety departments in government ministries, and company superintendents. The interviews stressed the di culties in implementing safety at job sites, government procedures and policies, safety standards, cause of most construction accidents, and methods of prevention. Interviews with contractors superintendents covered safety programs, labor behavior and companys investment in safety. Visits were also made to two major insurance companies dealing with construction insurance in Kuwait. The questions covered insurance types, premiums, major accidents, companies commitment to safety procedures at the job site, labor compensation, accident records, accident investigation procedures, and insurance companies role in safety in general. References * Cooke, T., Lingard, H., Blismas, N., Stranieri, A., 2008. ToolSHeDTM: the development and evaluation of a decision support tool for health and safety in construction design. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 15 (4), 336-351. * Gambatese, J.A., Behm, M., Rajendran, S., 2008. Designs role in construction accident causality and prevention: perspectives from an expect panel. Safety Science 46 (4), 675-691. * Low, S.P., Sua, C.S., 2000. The maintenance of construction safety: riding on ISO 9000 quality management systems. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 6 (1), 28-44. * Mohamed, A. et al, 1993. Safety of concrete high-rise buildings during construction. Purdue University. * Abdelhamid, T.S., Patel, B., Howell, G.A., Mitropoulos, P., 2003. Signal detection theory: enabling work near the edge. In: Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC-11), Blacksburg, USA. Proceedings, Virginia Tech. * Ballard, G., 2000. The Last Planner System of Production Control, PhD thesis, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham, UK. * Cameron, I., Hare, B., Duff, R., Maloney, B., 2006. An investigation of approaches to worker engagement. Health and Safety Executive, Research Report RR516, 96 p. * Cherns, A., 1978. The principles of sociotechnical design. In: Pasmore, W., Sherwood, J. (Eds.), Sociotechnical Systems: A Source Book. University Associates, La Jolla, pp. 61-71. * Hale, A., Heijer, T., 2006. Is resilience really necessary? The case of railways. In: Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., Levenson, N. (Eds.), Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate, pp. 115-137, 392 p. * Harper, R., Koehn, E., 1998. Managing industrial construction safety in southeast Texas. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 124 (6), 452-457. * Hinze, J. 2002. Making zero injuries a reality. Construction Industry Institute (Report 160), Gainesville, 110 p. * Hoffman, R., Feltovich, P., Ford, K., Woods, D., Klein, G., Feltovich, A., 2002. A rose by any other name. . .would probably be given an acronym. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 72-80. * Hollnagel, E., 2004. Barriers and Accident Prevention. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., 1999. Cognitive systems engineering: new wine in new bottles. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 51 (2), 339-356. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., 2005. Joint Cognitive Systems: An Introduction to Cognitive Systems Engineering. Taylor and Francis, London. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., Levenson, N., 2006. Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 392 p. * Hopkins, A., 2006. What are we to make of safe behaviour programs? Safety Science 44, 583-597. * Igarashi, R., 1991. The big picture. In: Mctighe, E. (Ed.), Visual control systems. Productivity Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-12. The Factory Management Notebook Series, 1 (2). * Kolluru, R., Bartell, S., Pitblado, R., Stricoff, R., 1996. Risk Assessment and Management Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York. * Koskela, L., 2000. An Exploration towards a Production Theory and its Application to Construction. Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, 258 p. * Laufer, A., Tucker, R., 1987. Is construction planning really doing its job? A critical examination of focus, role and process. Construction Management and Economics 5, 243-266.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

For years ever since most of the world has been industrialized, the effects of pollution have plagued nations alike. Acid rain is one of the largest contributors to this industrialized form of pollution. Throughout this report an explanation of the devastating effects to the environment caused by acid rain will be given along with what is being done to stop it. Acid rain is made when pollutants arise from the use of coal in the production of electricity, from base- metal smelting and from fuel combustion in vehicles. Once the sulfur and nitrogen oxides from these man made causes are released into the air they are caught by wind currents and are blown hundreds of miles away. The gas pollutants drift along with clouds until the rain eventually converts the sulfuric dioxide into sulfuric acid, and the nitrogen oxide into nitric acid. The newly transformed acid rain, acid snow or fog, falls to the earth where the effects on aquatic habitats, humans, animals, trees, crops, and other forms of plant life are devastating. When acid rain comes in contact with aquatic ecosystems the chemistry of the effects can be extremely complex. If one species or group of species changes or dies out in response to the acid rain, then the whole entire body of water, especially in lakes, is affected through the predator- prey relationship of the food web. In some places where the acid deposition falls, natural substances absorb and neutralize the acid but in most places they build up and the water becomes as sour as lemon juice. In these instances the chance of a food web being disrupted are more likely to happen. When the acidity of the water is around the ph level of 6.0 fish cannot lay eggs. When they can’t reproduce and the acidity level grows then the fish out, and when in lakes are extremely difficult to be replaced. Around this acidity level plants also die out and are poisoned. Insects no longer have a food source and soon they are gone. The water fowl and other birds in the area that fed on fish and insects no longer have a food source and they are the next to go. As the whole entire food web come toppling down the aquatic ecosystems become quiet; quiet as a grave. Acid rain also effects crops and other plant life. Surprisingly though acid rain can actually help out some crops such as strawberries, corn, and tomatoes.

Balance and Tragedy in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Feminism Literar

Mohandas K. Gandhi once proclaimed, â€Å"There is no occasion for women to consider themselves subordinate or inferior to men† (Gandhi n.p.). Women all throughout the world have been forced to endure innumerable hardships and struggles. Merely accepting women as a rightful component of society and a necessary aspect of culture has taken countless numbers of years. And to this day, unfortunately, gender equality has yet to become a reality for many. Certain judgments and stereotypes have been placed onto women from the very beginning of time. The belief that the female gender should only be seen in society as homemakers is something that is widely accepted by people in a multitude of countries and places. Despite the setbacks, various women have felt the need to fight for their rights and prove that they are an extremely crucial part of all societies. In the nineteenth century, the Cult of Domesticity, also known as the Cult of True Womanhood, was founded. It created s pecific rules that women in the United States and Great Britain were expected to follow. How well one obeyed the rules of the Cult of Domesticity dictated her reputation among fellow citizens (â€Å"From Domestic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  n.p.). The strict guidelines often had negative effects on individuals and prevented them from acting in an honest manner. In Othello, Shakespeare created the character of Emilia to perfectly represent the struggles women faced with fitting into their roles in society. The few female characters in the play were all shown in very different lights in order to demonstrate the varying types of women that could be seen in a normal society during that time. In William Shakespeare’s work Othello, Emilia’s imbalance of logic and emotion, a result of the pressur... ...ose to a balance, the chain reaction of events that led to the ultimate tragedy could not have been halted. If Emilia had come to her final realization earlier, could the tragedy have been stopped? Possibly, but it is impossible to know for sure. Even though it occurred, Emilia did, however, in the final moments of her life, speak with purpose and honesty. Her courage to stand up for her beliefs represents one of the most important themes in Othello and has made a truly lasting impact. Works Cited â€Å"From Domestic Goddesses to Suffragists: The Story of Women Told on Bookbindings, 1820-1920.† Publishers’ Bindings Online. U of Alabama, n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2010. . Gandhi, Mohandas K. â€Å"Woman’s Status and Role in Society.† Mahatma Gandhi. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2010. .

Seeing Through the Grey Mist of Cal Poly :: Descriptive Essays

Seeing Through the Grey Mist of Cal Poly On an early Monday morning my sleepy classmates and I met at the gate to Poly Canyon. The thick marine layer circled around our group as our professor led us into the dense grey fog. A crisp breeze stung my bare cheeks sending a chill down my body. We walked past the Cerro Vista apartments, the last buildings of Cal Poly that I would see for two hours. A feeling of excitement ran through me as we began our walk down the service road and into the canyon, a place just down the street from my dorm that I had never known existed. As we trekked deeper in to the thick mist, a hidden part of Cal Poly began to reveal itself. Walls of serpentine rock rose on either side of the road and the creek below began to fill with water. Four does and a buck looked down on us from the steep slopes above. Eucalyptus trees sent a sweet fragrance through the air, and chirping birds provided soft background music for the hike. Worries of school began to fade away. The trail got rough as we started climbing up Poly Mountain. My eyes were glued to the ground. Rocks were constantly sliding under foot waiting for an opportunity to take my feet out from under me. My breath was getting shorter and my legs began to burn from the first real exercise they had gotten since leaving home. I did not know if I was going to make it up the hill. When we finally stopped for our first break, I collapsed onto the nearest rock and took some time to observe the land around me. I realized I had not looked up once throughout the first quarter of the hike. When we sat down to write I had nothing to describe or to meditate on. The thick fog had erased the trail behind us and everything surrounding it. I was filled with regret. As we continued, I made certain to look around more often. Golden grasses, patches of yucca, grand rock formations, and a solitary tree dotted the landscape. We took our second break in a community of yucca. When I sat down, one stabbed me in my thigh. Its green leaves sat motionless as though nothing had happened.

Celiac Disease Paper

Celiac Disease Unit 4: Assign 2- Disorders Affecting the Immune System April 9, 2013 Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder. It affects the small intestine in the person’s body. It can affect people who have been linked genetically or pre-disposed from infancy to adulthood (www. mayoclinic. com). This disease can be asymptomatic. Which means that the person can be a carrier of this disease and pass it on to their children. The carrier would not have any symptoms of this disease or even know they are a carrier.Celiac disease can affect 1 in 105 people in the United States (www. webmd. com). Celiac disease is caused by a reaction to gliadin, or a gluten protein. The gluten protein is found in wheat, barley, rye, and oats. When the person affected with this disease is exposed or ingests the gluten protein, their immune system has an inflammatory reaction in the small bowel. The inflammatory reaction can be an acute or chronic response within the bowel tissue. The inflammation i n the small bowel blocks the person’s ability to absorb vital nutrients from their food (www. ebmd. com). Signs and symptoms of Celiac disease can range from mild to severe. Diarrhea is the most common symptom of this disease. Abdominal pain, bloating, cramping, and distention of the abdominal wall from gas are also other signs/symptoms of Celiac disease. The blocking or malabsorptio of nutrients such as Calcium and Vitamin D can lead to weight loss, fatigue, and anemia. The person can then get mouth ulcerations as well, and become lactose intolerant.As the disease continues to progress it can cause more damage and it puts the person at risk for small intestine cancer (adenocarcinoma) or Lymphoma. If left untreated Celiac disease can also lead to more complications within the affected person. Some of the complications they would experience are, ulcerations and strictures in the bowel (www. webmd. com). The only affective treatment for Celiac disease is a lifelong goal of diet change. Once diagnosis has been confirmed gluten must be completely removed from the person’s diet.Certain diets that are gluten free will need to be followed to prevent inflammation. Depending on the extent of the damage done, or the stage of progression there may need to be more strict changes to follow. There are websites and support groups to help people become educated with the steps necessary to prevent further flare ups from this condition. The first step to becoming aware of this disease is to be seen by your physician if you are having any of the above signs and symptoms (www. csaceliacs. com). www. mayoclinic. com,2013. www. webmd. com,2013.

Saving the Children

Throughout history children have been deliberately killed, abused, and neglected by rulers, society or parents. Child abuse is an injury or pattern of injuries to a child that is not accidental. According to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, in 1995 about 2. 9 million children in the United States were reported as abused or neglected to government agencies that investigate child abuse. Child abuse can be hard to recognize sometimes because it is often under the name of spanking or discipline ( According to the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse, par. 1). Even when the state takes children away from parents because of the severity of the abuse, parents sometimes deny that they did anything wrong (par. 2). But when does discipline become abuse? According to Utah State law, if you spank a child too hard and he/she gets a bruise, that technically counts as an incidence of child abuse (par. 2). Refraining from physical punishment, as practiced by parents and recommended by children psychologist today, would have shocked parents of earlier times (Murdock 7). Before the 1960 s parental discipline often took the form of physical punishment. When spankings became beatings physical abuse prevailed (7). Child abuse does not only consist of physical abuse. There are several types of child abuse, and unfortunately, some children experience more than one. Physical abuse includes deliberate acts of violence that injure or even kill a child. Unexplained bruises, broken bones, or burn marks on a child may be signs of physical abuse. The average age of victims of physical child abuse is eight years old (Wallace 33). Twenty-seven percent of all child maltreatment cases involve physical abuse. Three percent of these cases involve life-threatening injuries such as poisoning, fractures, or brain damage. Fourteen percent involve minor injuries, including bruises, cuts or shaking. The remaining eleven percent are unspecified injuries (33). The data is probably a low estimate of the true incidence of abuse since there is no exact method of determining unreported cases. Sexual abuse occurs when adults use children for sexual gratification ( According to the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse, par. ). Sexual abuse may begin with kissing or fondling and progress to more intrusive sexual acts, such as oral sex and vaginal or anal penetration. Experts estimate that one out of every three or four girls and one out of every seven to ten boys below the age of eighteen are violated (Murdock 11). Other acts that use children as sexual objects, such as, child pornography and subjecting children to view sexual acts committed by adults, are also include in the definition of child sexual abuse (Gitterman 346). The US Department of Health and Human Services categorizes sexual abuse into three groups: intrusion (evidence of actual penile penetration), molestation with genital contact (acts where some form of actual genital contact had occurred), and other or unknown sexual abuse (unspecified acts not known to have involved actual genital contact: e. g. , fondling of breasts or buttocks, exposure) (11). Mary Pipher, the author of Reviving Ophelia, states in her book that she had seen a bumper sticker on a young man s car that read: If I don t get laid soon somebody s gonna get hurt (Pipher 219). This is the sick society we live in, on any given day in America, 480 women and children will be forcibly raped, 5,760 women will be assaulted by a male intimate partner and four women and three children will be murdered by a family member (219). Emotional abuse, another type of child abuse, destroys a child s self-esteem and undermines his confidence (Landau 36). Such abuse commonly includes repeated verbal abuse of a child in the form of shouting, threats, and degrading or humiliating criticism (36). Other types of emotional abuse are confinement, such as isolation or denying a child friends (39). The most common form of child abuse is neglect. Neglect makes up almost half of the confirmed cases of child abuse in the 1990 s ( According to the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse, par. 1). Physical neglect involves a parent s failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care to a child (par. 1). About fifty-five percent of children who are mistreated suffer from severe neglect (Morales, par. 6). These are very young children who are abandoned or left alone for more than forty-eight hours, aren t fed, do not receive needed medical treatment, or are not sent to school for days at a time (par. ). Emotional neglect occurs when a parent or caretaker fails to meet a child s basic need for attention and comfort. According to a study done by the US Department of Health and Human Services, 223,000 children or 3. 5 per 1,000 suffer from emotional neglect ( Murdock 103). Emotional neglect can also be in the form of overprotective restrictions that further immaturity and emotional overdependence. Young adults who have been abused often confuse the concept of the family. To them, violence, anger, and fear are common. They may also confuse love with violence r love with sex. Because of these family distortions some victims have a hard time receiving help (Jacklitsch & Powers 24). The consequences of child abuse are unfortunate. A child assaulted by a parent loses self-respect, hope, and trust and with no choice available, resorts to doing what they were taught, the only thing they know, abuse (Fong 27). The psychological effects of abuse include depression, low self-esteem, loss of trust, anxiety, denial, problems with establishing intimacy, feelings of futurelessness, and family distortion (Jaklitsch & Powers 20-28). Confirmed by several studies, researchers have demonstrated that depression is one of the most commonly reported symptoms by adults who were sexually abused as children (21). Low self-esteem, as well, is a symptom among young people. They approach situations feeling inferior and are afraid to hope (22). A loss of trust is also common. Experiences with their own parental figures has taught them not to count on adults for support, guidance, or protection (22). Maltreated teenagers are filled with anger caused by years of pain and rejection. They become afraid when under stress of minor frustrations. Underneath the anger is pain, which makes these young people particularly vulnerable to additional disappointment and mistreatment (23). Denial is a natural response to painful experiences. Some of the behaviors in which these young people hide their denial are through drugs, alcohol, constant listening to music, sexual activity and aggression (23). Establishing intimacy is difficult for maltreated adolescents because their feelings were often discounted. They must realize that they are not responsible for their maltreatment 23-24). Many abused children feel hopeless. They have little faith in the future because they have learned to expect little or nothing of what they hoped for as children (24). A great deal of abuse happens secretly in the privacy of people s homes. Too often we only hear about the most sensationalized cases of abuse: those that reach television, radio, and newspapers (Landau 12). However, more subtle forms of abuse take place in households around the world on a daily basis (13). Why are so many children severely neglected and abused by those responsible for their care? Research has clearly revealed that child abuse is not associated with race or ethnicity in this country. The strongest correlating factor is poverty. However, abuse is found at all socioeconomic levels (Morales, par. 8). Parents who live on less than $15,000 a year are more likely to abuse their children than those who earn more than $30,000 per year (par. 8). Drug and alcohol abuse is also highly associated with child abuse. As a group, the largest number of children who are abused or neglected grew up having one or more alcoholic parents (Murdock 90). Substance abuse undermines adults ability to function in many areas, including parenting, work, and personal life (Morales, par. 9). There is also a strong relationship between stress and violent physical outburst directed at youngsters who are at the wrong place at the wrong time. Abusive mothers report high levels of parental-stress which they claim is brought about by their child s poor compliance with behavior-directed instructions and their own tolerance levels towards their child s behavior (Busby 47). Stress that is brought on by a variety of conditions raises the risk of child abuse within a family. These conditions include unemployment, illness, poor housing conditions, a larger-than-average-family size, the presence of a new baby, a disabled person in the home, or the death of a family member, but as always, families living in poverty make up the majority of reported child abuse cases. An important resource to help manage personal stress is the support of others e. g. , a spouse, relative, or friend (Morales, par. 10). Sexual abuse is driven by several destructive factors. Often, the perpetrator was sexually victimized as a child or youth and, unlike others, did not heal from the experience. The result frequently is distorted sexual drives and emotional needs. Divorce and single parenting expose children to other men who do not have a biological or long term commitment to youngsters well-being. Not to mention the erotic society that we live in which includes some men who have not learned or found a way to manage their sexual needs (par. 11). We must make an effort to prevent child abuse before it occurs. The process through which children are taken out of their homes and placed in the care of their economically poor relatives (usually grandparents), which occurs in almost fifty percent of cases, is a weak solution. It is costly, oftentimes leaves children in a state of emotional instability, and adds economic strain to the financially poor grandparents who are trying to raise their kin; and generally it is too late to prevent permanent damage to the child from years of abuse (Morales par. 15). The only hope in preventing much of this is for society to set an expectation for prospective and new parents to prepare themselves for the role. Parenting must be taken on with the utmost responsibility (par. 16). Next, private and public organizations, such as, churches, YMCA s community colleges, and city-funded community centers, could create family resource centers where parents could find practical information on parenting, classes for parents and kids, as well as childbirth classes (par. 17). Fortunately, some parenting programs have already been established. According to the National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse (NCPCA), child maltreatment is a complex problem with a multitude of causes, an approach to prevention must respond to a range of needs (Donnelly, par. 1). The NCPCA has devised a strategy that consists of a variety of community-based programs to prevent child abuse. Hopefully, these programs will provide parents and children with the education and support necessary for healthy family functioning (par. 1). Some of the prevention programs include the prenatal support program. Its purpose is to prepare individuals for the job of parenting. Currently, home visitation is the most innovative prevention program used in approaching the difficulties of educating and supporting the at-risk-family (par. 3). Treatment for abused children include therapeutic day school programs as well as day hospital programs, residential programs, and home and clinical setting treatment. These programs concentrate on improving the emotional and developmental skills of younger children and psychodynamic treatment for children in older age groups (par. ). Child abusers must be stopped, closely monitored or removed from society before any more young people are damaged for life. While hospitals, schools, and community agencies have a critical role in preventing child abuse, they cannot do it alone. Educational campaigns are necessary to make the public aware of how severe child abuse is and how individuals can make a difference. The effectiveness of diminishing child abuse will only be realized when there is a fully aware public committed to preventing child abuse.

Environmental Issues In Real Estate Essay

Real estate transactions involve the purchase of land properties and generally, environmental issues are frequently considered before a sale is completed. Environmental issues are usually taken into account, be it a residential real estate property, or a huge industrial piece of land. Should environmental risks be associated in a particular real estate property, these are frequently manageable, but the more critical issue regarding environmental issues is the efficient identification and reaction to these environmental issues (Goeters, 1996). Most problems arise after a real estate property sale because the environmental issues were not detected as early as possible. The most common environmental issue that is associated with real estate is land contamination. Such environmental issues generally come from the activities of the present or past owners, or better categorized as on-site contamination. Another source of land contamination could be off-site, which involves the physical location of the real property to outside sources of contamination. It is important that the source of the contamination of the land be identified so that the amount of risk may be determined. In addition, knowledge of the contamination source allows sanctions for property responsibility. Issues are considered severe when the water reservoir and its connecting waterways for drinking water are already affected or positioned near the real estate property. Another environmental issue that is considered as a major concern in real estate is mold contamination. The spread of pathogenic fungi and its spores frequently originate from buildings that are erected using low-quality standards and currently have poor ventilation. Such fungi often generate spores that are usually air-borne and may be transmitted through wind and any air circulating system. These spores may also stick to the walls of an existing building that is situated on the real estate property. Not only do fungal spores cause future deterioration to a building, these spores may even cause upper respiratory tract infections, allergies and immune reactions in the individuals that frequent the area involved. Several lawsuits have accumulated in connection to personal injuries or diseases causes by exposure to these pathogenic fungi. In addition, the insurance industry has lately been involved in cases that involve exposure to building-related real estate properties. Furthermore, fungal contamination involves all types of real estate properties, including residential, commercial and industrial buildings, and the effect of such contamination is doubly felt because the building’s structure itself will continuously deteriorate unless treated, and the residents of the home or the employees of a commercial or industrial company make succumb to fungi-caused illnesses. It has been strongly suggested that owners of real estate properties be cautious of the insurance coverage they procure for their employees should such untoward incident occurs in their company or industry. Asbestos is also an environmental issue that should be carefully considered in real estate. Asbestos is generally a component of pipes and boiler rooms, as well as in flooring materials and in roofs. Asbestos exposure cases are often higher in number in commercial and industrial companies, yet these cases may also occur in residential real estate properties. The amount of money require to solve any presence of asbestos in a building is usually huge, hence it should always be kept in mind that any possible cause for asbestos exposure be pointed out as early as possible, before any exposure is determined to be chronic, which is turn results in more severe health problems among individuals associated with the real estate property. Individuals practicing in the real estate business should be sincere enough to advise the client about any information that may be associated with asbestos presence or exposure within a real estate property he is showing and selling. Another element that has been identified as an environmental issue in real estate is radon. Radon gas shows no color or odor, and is very diffusible through water and air. This gas has been frequently reported in residential real estate properties, hence it is important that the water and air of a real estate property be tested for radon gas before any further step is taken towards the purchase or sale of a real estate property. Unfortunately, the safe or tolerable level of radon gas has not been established to date, hence any tests for the presence of radon gas in the water or in the air is just to satisfy the need to know where radon gas is indeed present in a real estate property. Real estate properties such as buildings and houses are often presented to potential buyers as painted structures that are ready for occupancy. Hence, the environmental concern for lead in the paint used to coat the walls of the rooms of the real estate property is also an issue. Individuals most affected by the presence of lead in the paint used to coat the walls are the young children who often play on the floor of the rooms of a residential establishment. Young toddlers often crawl around the house and unfortunately, ingest any little thing they find interesting in front of them. These little things may be lead paint chips that fall off from the wall and ceiling and land on the carpet, floor, or even the soil in the backyard. Other families enjoy gardening and planting their own vegetables, hence the presence of lead in the soil may pose a bioaccumulation of lead in the people living in this contaminated real estate property. It is therefore important that pre-erected real estate structures be evaluated for the presence of lead before any further step in done towards the purchase of the real estate property. Should lead be detected in a real estate property, an abatement procedure may be performed before any family or individuals move into the real estate property. Currently, there are several assays that may be employed in the identification and management of environmental issues associated with real estate properties (Spada, 1997). Hence, it is imperative that these environmental factors be tested before any purchase is done on a real estate property, because it these factors go undetected, the consequences on the personal health of the individuals that will live or frequently spend time within the real estate property will be affected. Such undisclosed environmental issues often end up in lawsuits, as well as tarnished reputations in the real estate business. Hence, for those in the real estate business, it is of prime importance that reliable and specific information be obtained about the real estate property they are advertising and selling. Such caution regarding the collection of information will serve as a good method is preserving the real estate business of a company. Certain real estate companies have established their own customized procedure in reviewing properties before they release these properties to the public and announce that this property is for sale. These customized procedures should be foolproof, robust and efficient in identifying environmental issues in a real estate property. Should this be kept in mind, there would probably be lesser cases of lawsuits and health illnesses in the future.

An Analysis on Customer Care Strategy of Sainsbury

1. 0 Company Introduction Sainsbury’s was founded in London in 1869 as one of the nations’ oldest retailers. It also provides a unique illustration of transformation that has occurred in retailing and in shopping and eating habits since the mid-19th century. It grew to become the largest grocery retailer in 1922, pioneered self-service retailing in the UK, and had its heyday during the 1980s. Now it is the third largest chain of supermarket in the United Kingdom with a share if the UK supermarket sector of 16. 3%.The supermarket chain operates three store formats: regular Sainsbury’s store (â€Å"Main Mission†), Sainsbury’s Local and Sainsbury’s Central (convenience stores and smaller supermarkets in urban locations—â€Å"Mixed Mission†) and Sainsbury’s â€Å"Main Plus† (hypermarket) stores. 2. 0 An Outlook of Sainsbury’s Customer Care Strategy Sainsbury aims at building on and stretching the lead in food. B y sharing customers’ passion for healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food, Sainsbury’s will continue to innovate and provide leadership in delivering quality products at fair prices.Sainsbury will continue to accelerate the development of non-food and service following the principles of quality and to provide a broader shopping experience for customers. Sainsbury commits to reach more customers through additional channels, and it commits to manage its business with integrity. 3. 0 Development of Sainsbury’s Customer Care Strategy Strategy refers to a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. 1. Sainsbury should know who Sainsbury’s customers are Sainsbury should know that every member of the community is the potential customer.Sainsbury should reach the total community. Every citizens living around the stores can be Sainsbury’s customers, as well as another companies can be the customer group of Sainsbury. 2. Sainsbury should know the needs of customers Customers need to be understood. Sainsbury comes up with the strategy that it commits to provide quality food with fair prices, which makes consumers delight. Customers need to feel welcome. Sainsbury’s staff serves every customer with a smiling face. Customers need to feel important.Once any customer has some recommendation or suggestion, he can directly approach to managers to point it out. 3. Sainsbury should know how to determine needs Sainsbury puts out questionnaires to citizens to find what they really want to buy when shopping in the supermarket and then determine their goods. It is a way to analyse needs in terms of the development objectives of Sainsbury. Sainsbury’s also set up suggestion box in its supermarkets to listen to customers’ needs. Through different ways such as community meetings and feedback, Sainsbury determines customers’ needs. 4. Sainsbury should response to needsSainsbury shows the real interest in the needs of sp ecial group, such as babies; they display their special tools and foods. Sainsbury ensures that every goods displayed on the shelves represent the real living needs for all customers. Sainsbury holds feedback meetings in order to response customers’ needs, and it commits to handle and solve customers’ complaints. 5. Sainsbury should give access to services Sainsbury never limit the service to the boundaries of Sainsbury’s store building. Sainsbury broadens its service range outside of the supermarkets and Sainsbury carries on deliver service.Sainsbury not only offers the regular stores for its customers, but also provides smaller supermarkets in urban locations as well as shopping online services. 6. Sainsbury should get stakeholders and senior managers’ support Sainsbury establishes a committee to get cooperation and support from the stakeholders and senior managers. They give financial support to promote Sainsbury’s operational environment as wel l as intelligence support to improve Sainsbury’s operational situations. Both of their supports are necessary to the development of Sainsbury. 7. Sainsbury should deliver competencySainsbury analyse its existing services to determine if their service is suitable for their customer care projects and whether the service meets the needs of customers. Sainsbury offers delivery service to customers and Sainsbury provides a search engine in its website to help customers to find the nearest store. 8. Sainsbury should give continuously analyses methods and procedures for improved efficiency. Sainsbury reduces its delivery time and time to supply new goods. Sainsbury has fax and website address to connect with customers. The employees are all trained and professional enough to serve the customers.Sainsbury makes sure that its customers know the standards of service in the stores. 9. Sainsbury should manage an effective communication Sainsbury develops a communication strategy that inf orms all information and provides channels to feedback. Sainsbury trains its employees to develop skills for successful interpersonal communication to introduce goods to customers. Sainsbury uses handbooks to advertise and inform customers’ about special events. Sainsbury puts clear signs to inform customers about the classification of all goods. 4. 0 Sainsbury’s standards in details 1. Employees Sainsbury’s employees should be passionate about working in a customer-facing environment *Sainsbury’s training divided into 4 steps:? basic introduction to Sainsbury’s ? introduce to employees their role and all the basics they need to know to work productively and safely ? develop employees to grow in their role and deliver to the required performance standards ? advanced training covers how to manage and supervise in its employees’ role *Employees are eligible for a colleague discount card when they completed 6 months service *All colleagues with one year’s continuous service can take up to 13 weeks’ unpaid leave for each child nder 5. They are also special provisions allowing time off for parents with disabled children up to 18. *Colleagues are able to exchange a portion of their salary for childcare vouchers which are non-taxable and exempt from National Insurance contributions and therefore represent a saving for colleagues who receive them as part of their total reward package. *The life assurance at the rate of four times staff’s annual basic salary in the event of death in service. *Sainsbury offers eligible colleagues the opportunity to apply for a career break for up to one year. Sainsbury would like to reward its long-term employees *Sainsbury always welcomes applications from people from any background. 2. Customers *Sainsbury is looking for people who can deliver the highest level of customer service each and every day *Customers can access a whole range of different services and meet togethe r in a safe environment. *Sainsbury hosts â€Å"community dinners† with local stakeholders to get to know customers better and understand any issues they have. *Sainsbury always supplies quality food to its customers Sainsbury creates ranges of food covering all customers’ needs *Sainsbury helps every customers cut their cost while shopping *Customers can buy goods online which will save a lot of money and time. *Sainsbury kids range is nutritionally balanced, so you can be sure you are making good, healthy choices for your children. *Sainsbury offers organic food. *Sainsbury provides customers various food recipes covering every type of meal, dish and ingredient; they really can try something new every day. *Sainsbury has the â€Å"store locator†, customers can find the nearest Sainsbury’s shop quickly. . Suppliers and Subcontractors *Sainsbury makes a deal with developing countries in order to support fair trade. *Sainsbury requires its suppliers and su bcontractors to provide fresh and healthy foods. *Sainsbury requests its suppliers and subcontractors to deliver their goods in the quickest time. *Sainsbury commits to settle accounts with suppliers and subcontractors as soon as possible. *Sainsbury requires its suppliers and subcontractors to register in a formal organization. *The suppliers and subcontractors of Sainsbury need to have a formal address and e-mail address to contact. . Community *For Sainsbury, this is not about providing great service and quality products, it’s also about making a positive difference to the communities and being a good neighbour. *Sainsbury provides local jobs for local people, and buys from local suppliers. *Sainsbury carries on Active Kids and Local Charity of the Year schemes. It helps kids who are in poverty to go to school and have medical check. *Sainsbury maintains longstanding partnership with Comic Relief, which is a local charity organization, to donate clothes and medicines and n ecessaries to rural areas. Sainsbury provides its customers options about charities to do good things on kids or social while they are shopping. 5. Environment *Sainsbury commits to reduce our impact on the environment. *Sainsbury sources products from all over the world, which means they have an important part to play, both in the evolving environmental debate, and in doing what they can do to reduce their carbon and wider environmental footprint. *Sainsbury was praised for having â€Å"excellent sustainable farming and fish policies† and the â€Å"high proportion of sustainable products available† in a survey. Sainsbury searches the latest ideas in engineering and building design, which could dramatically help them reduce their carbon footprint. *Sainsbury develops â€Å"carbon positive† stores or provide heat and recycled water to customers’ homes. *Sainsbury commits to reduce energy, packaging, food waste and wasting. 5. 0 Ways in which the Standards Were Established Customer care standard is more detail than customer care strategy and it direct how to carry on the project. A customer care standard normally covers areas of management practice, broken down into these sections: †¢ Employees Customers †¢ Suppliers and subcontractors †¢ Community and environment 1. Employees: *Clear employ article: EMP1: Organisations have a clear employ article and conditions and the procedure to ensure faith. EMP2: Organisations should secure the personal information for its employees. Safe and healthy working conditions: EMP3: Staff can get enough training to ensure the safety while working. *Faith salary system: EMP4: Staff has a clear mind about the time and method in paying salary. *Organisation engages in treat existing and potential employees’ variety.EMP5: Encourage the variety of the employees and welcome the new staff. *Encourage its staff improve in their career: EMP6: Organisations offer many kinds of training to h elp employees developing in their career. *Organisations are not allowed to molest any employees in any way. EMP7: Organisations should have the relevant articles to ensure the teenagers working in the national standards. 2. Customers *Organisations set up an equal relationship with its customers: CUS1: In the condition of respecting customers, organisations have clear business articles.CUS2: The information of customers can be used in the condition that is allowed by customers. CUS3: Organisations have the procedure to settle complaints in especially time. CUS4: The recommendations of the customers are fully considered. *Organisations ensure the safety of the products in the reasonable range: CUS5: The products or service have a clear illustration about the information like use, composition, and conservancy. CUS6: Organisations have the responsibility to protect the weak group. 3. Suppliers and subcontractors: The simple data and information about the supplier and subcontractor can be easily found in the website. SUP1: clear and crystal standards to select suppliers. SUP2: The information can only be used in the condition that are allowed by suppliers and subcontractors. SUP3: Organisations have the procedure to solve the conplaints from suppliers in ruled time. *Organisations offer money to suppliers in agreed standard. SUP4: Have the procedure to ensure suppliers and subcontractors get funds according to the agreement. Organisations encourage suppliers and subcontractors to carry on necessary business convention SUP5: Organisations should ensure the suppliers and subcontractors gain the training and exercise about the safety knowledge. *Organisation has an honest relationship with the suppliers and subcontractors 4. Community *Organisations promote the business environment on community: COM1: Organisations should consider the influences on the plan and action. COM2: Organisation has the action to promote the development of the community.COM3: Ensure to brin g up customers in the ruled area. *Organisations need to be sensitive to the local culture and economic structure: COM4: Organisation should have the procedures to ensure that its products or service will not threaten the safety. 5. Environment *Organisation reduces the use of energy and the emission of waste: ENV1: Organisations should point out clearly that the influences of its service and goods to local environment and the solutions. ENV2: Organisation takes charge of supervising and reducing the impact on local environment.ENV3: Have the procedure to ensure that its employees and suppliers are encouraged to the exercises of protecting the environment. ENV4: Encourage the use and abandon of the environmental friendly of the products. 6. 0 Methods Used by Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research to Gather and Analyse Information from Customers with Respect to Their Impressions of Sainsbury’s Customer Care 1. Qualitative Research Qualitative Research seeks out the â⠂¬Å"why† of its topic through the analysis of unstructured information and it does not rely on statistics or numbers.Qualitative research is used to gain insight into people’s attitudes, behaviors, value systems, concerns, motivations, aspiration culture or lifestyles. It is used to inform business decisions, policy formation, communication and research. Focus groups, in-depth interviews, content analysis and semiotics are among the many formal approaches that are used, but qualitative research also involves the analysis of any unstructured material. Sainsbury chooses interview as the way to carry on qualitative research.Interview is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or behavior. Interviews can be undertaken on a personal one-to-one basis or in a group. The interview is put in the appendix A. Sainsbury interviewed 100 people and makes a conclusion that most of the customers are satisfied with the stores, and they think the goods are mostly cheap. Besides, people interviewed are all satisfied with the environment in Sainsbury, and they think the stores are light and clean, which really delights them.However, the customers are too many so that it is usually crowded, especially in holidays and discounts. What is more, most of the stores are set in downtown and it makes difficult for people who live in suburbs to buy in the stores. 2. Quantitative Research Quantitative research is used to measure how many people feel, think or act in a particular way. These surveys tend to include large samples. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena.Sainsbury chooses questionnaire as the method to give a quantitative research. Questionnaire is quantitative preferred and freedom of respondent. The questions have to be relatively simple and there is no inte rviewer bias. The questions usually are literacy problems and there is no control over who completes it. The questionnaires are presented in the appendix B. These questionnaires are handed out to 1,000 people. Sainsbury makes a conclusion through research by questionnaires.Most regular customers of Sainsbury think the dominating reason contributes them to buying in Sainsbury is the fair price with good quality. Customers focus on price while shopping dominates 73%. Around 87% of customers think the service attitude in Sainsbury is passionate and 72% of customers think the environment in Sainsbury is bright and clean. Moreover, 53% of Sainsbury’s customers gain salary between 5,000 to 10,000 and 27% of its customers gain salary between 1,000 to 5,000; customers gain salary less than 1,000 or over 10,000 both dominate 10%.Through the comparison of the data from 2007 to 2010, customers’ attitude about the goods price has changed. More people think the goods are cheaper an d the increase in the attitude of acceptable is more visible; less people hold the view that the goods are expensive in Sainsbury. There are two diagrams presented in appendix C and appendix D. 7. 0 The Review of Sainsbury’s Customer Care Strategy Review is an evaluation of an operating process or a business outcome. Sainsbury chooses â€Å"comparing to customer feedback analysis† to review its customer care strategy.Before Sainsbury carry on another new customer care strategy, it makes a survey among its customers and makes a conclusion. After carrying on for a period of time, Sainsbury does a equal number survey among customers and makes a conclusion through comparing and analyzing the data: Sainsbury increases its opening hour and it makes customers life more convenient; Sainsbury promotes its employees moral and passion in serving customers. However, Sainsbury should update its goods in a high frequency and strengthen the arrangement after customers’ selecti ng goods.Sainsbury chooses â€Å"Third Party Assessment† as another method to review its customer care strategy. Sainsbury hires Mckinsey & Company to give a overall assessment about its customer care strategy and standard by using professional methods, ways, and procedures. The conclusions are made below: Sainsbury does well in caring about customers’ healthy lifestyle and delivering a healthy lifestyle to its customers; That Sainsbury encourages its customers to give a hand to local charity and people need help is a light point in Sainsbury’s strategy.However, Sainsbury must promote its after-sale responsibility and its after-sale quality. Some sorts of service, such as point out the use structure of some special goods, need to be highlighted. 8. 0 Recommendation There are some weaknesses in Sainsbury’s customer care. The relationship between suppliers and Sainsbury sometimes is not equal; The after-sale services are sometimes not enough; The safety env ironment in Sainsbury is not secured enough.In response to this, Sainsbury should point out a clear after-sale responsibility and promote the after-sale service quality; Sainsbury need to inform suppliers and subcontractors about the loss before the change of the business articles; Sainsbury need to strengthen the supervision on the safety environment and it is necessary to hand out the safety handout to employees to guarantee their safety while working. 9. 0 Reference Books: —-Scottish Qualifications Authority, Creating a Culture of Customer Care. —-Bryman, A. (1988a), Quantitative and Qualitative in Social Research, Routledge, London.Websites: http://www. sainsburys. co. uk/sol/index. jsp http://zhidao. baidu. com/question/13903776. html http://zh. wikipedia. org/ 10. 0 Appendix Appendix A 1. What do you think about the service at Sainsbury? 2. What goods do you think we should add to our goods list? 3. What service do you think we should add? 4. What reason contribu tes you to consume in Sainsbury? 5. What do you think about the quality of Sainsbury’s goods? 6. What do you think about the quantity of Sainsbury’s goods? 7. What do you think about our recommendation system? 8. What do you think about the environment in Sainsbury? . What do you think about the prices of our goods? 10. Why do you consume in Sainsbury? What attracts you to consume? Appendix B 1. What contributes you to buying in Sainsbury? A. fair price B. good quality C. convenient D. else 2. The frequency you shopping in Sainsbury every month? A. over 15 B. 10~15 C. 5~10 D. under 5 3. What do you think about the kinds of goods in Sainsbury? A. complete B. so-so C. small 4. What do you think about the prices of goods in Sainsbury? A. cheap B. middle level C. expensive 5. What aspect do you focus on when shopping? A. rice B. quality C. brand 6. What do you usually buy in Sainsbury? A. necessaries B. vegetables C. clothes 7. What do you think about the quality of goods in Sainsbury? A. good B. so-so C. bad 8. What do you think about the service attitude in Sainsbury? A. passionate B. acceptable C. bad 9. What do you think about the environment in Sainsbury? A. bright and clean B. so-so C. mess and uncomfortable 10. Can you find the goods you need easily? A. yes B. a little difficult C. only find with the help of assistant 11. Are there big supermarkets around your house?A. yes B. no C. unsure 12. What big supermarket do you usually consume? A. Wal-mart B. Tesco C. Sainsbury D. else 13. What is your gender? A. male B. female 14. What age group are you in? A. under 18 B. 18~25 C. 25~45 D. over 45 15. What salary group are you in? A. under 1,000 B. 1,000~5,000 C. 5,000~10,000 D. over 10,000 Appendix C Appendix D [pic] People’s attitudes about the prices of Sainsbury’s goods ———————– [pic]The salary level monthly of Sainsbury’s customers 10,000 1,000~~5,000 5,000~~10,000